Tim... to be exact... Cognitive Dissonance is the motivating state that occurs when an individual is in conflict. Ordinary sources of dissonance are incompatibility between beliefs, between behavior and private opinion, or between two items of information. Dissonance theory holds that such a state leads to behavior intended to reduce the conflict. The conflicting information doesn't have to prove you "incorrect." It just has to cast doubt on your decision... In the case of Jimmy's bulbs, their high cost would run counter to sustaining the belief that they were no better than ordinary bulbs... As a result, if confronted with evidence to that fact... buyers of the bulbs would have to either rally to their support.. or end up feeling cheated... but hell.... my Ph.D. (in Clinical Psych)was obtained in '84 (Univ. of Tenn)... so I may be out of touch!!!!